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Common User Access (CUA) is a standard for user interfaces to operating systems and computer programs. It was developed by IBM and first published in 1987 as part of their Systems Application Architecture. Used originally in the MVS/ESA, VM/CMS, OS/400, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows operating systems, parts of the CUA standard are now implemented in programs for other operating systems, including variants of Unix. It is also used by Java AWT and Swing. == Motivations and inspirations == CUA was a detailed specification and set strict rules about how applications should look and function. Its aim was in part to bring about harmony among DOS applications, which until then had independently implemented different user interfaces. Examples: * In WordPerfect, the command to open a file was , . * In Lotus 1-2-3, a file was opened with (to open the menus), (for File), (for Retrieve). * In Microsoft Word, a file was opened with (to open the menus), (for Transfer), (for Load). * In WordStar, it was . * In emacs, a file is opened with + followed by + (for find-file). was often the help key (such as VolksWriter (1982)), but in WordPerfect, help was on instead. Some programs used to cancel an action, while some used it to complete one; WordPerfect used it to repeat a character. Some programs used to go to the end of a line, while some used it to complete filling in a form. sometimes toggled between overtype and inserting characters, but some programs used it for "paste". Thus every program had to be learned individually and its complete user interface memorised. It was a sign of expertise to have learned the UIs of dozens of applications, since a novice user facing a new program would find their existing knowledge of a similar application either of no use or actively a hindrance to understanding as learned behavior might need to be unlearned for the new application. The detailed CUA specification had similarities to Apple Computer's lavishly detailed human interface guidelines and may have been inspired by it. The Apple HIG is a detailed book specifying how software for the Apple Macintosh computer should look and function. When it was first written, the Mac was new, and graphical user interface (GUI) software was a novelty, so Apple took great pains to ensure that programs would conform to a single shared look and feel. CUA had a similar aim, but it faced the more difficult task of trying to impose this retroactively on an existing, thriving but chaotic industry, with the much more ambitious goal of unifying all UI, from personal computers to minicomputers to mainframes; and supporting both character and GUI modes, and both batch and interactive designs. By comparison, the Apple HIG only supported interactive GUI on a standalone personal computer. CUA also attempted to be a more measurable standard than the Apple HIG and had large sections formatted as checklists to measure compliance. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「IBM Common User Access」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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